Absolute claims
Always. Never. Everyone. 100% proven. Real facts have limits.
An absolute claim says something is true for everyone, every time, with no exceptions.
Real life is messier. Scientists say "most," "often," or "in our study." They tell you what they are not sure about.
When writing says "100% proven" or "no one can deny," it is trying to stop you from asking questions. Ask anyway.
Spot it
“Scientists have proven that everyone who eats breakfast gets straight A’s.”
Everyone? Can you think of even one person who eats breakfast and does not get straight A’s? Clue found.
Detective move
Play "find the exception." If you can think of one, the claim is bigger than the truth.